Expert Guide: Do Electric Cars Have HP? 3 Key Metrics Beyond the Number for 2025

Abstrakt

The discourse surrounding electric vehicle (EV) performance often grapples with traditional automotive terminology, specifically the concept of horsepower. This analysis examines the applicability and limitations of using horsepower as a metric for electric cars. While a direct mathematical conversion from an electric motor's native power unit, the kilowatt (kW), to horsepower is possible, this single figure fails to capture the nuanced and distinct character of electric propulsion. The investigation reveals that a more complete understanding of an electric vehicle's capabilities necessitates a multi-faceted approach. It requires an appreciation for not only power output in kilowatts but also the unique nature of an electric motor's torque delivery, which is instantaneous and constant from a standstill. Furthermore, factors such as drivetrain efficiency, battery discharge rates, and the sophisticated software that governs the powertrain all play integral roles in shaping the actual driving experience. Therefore, while the question "do electric cars have hp?" can be answered affirmatively, a deeper inquiry reveals that the traditional metric is insufficient for a comprehensive evaluation in the context of modern electric vehicle technology.

Wichtigste Erkenntnisse

• Electric car power is measured in kilowatts (kW) and converted to horsepower (hp) for comparison.
• EVs deliver instant torque from zero RPM, providing rapid, smooth acceleration unlike gasoline cars.
• Understanding if electric cars have hp requires looking at kilowatts and torque for a full picture.
• Peak power is for short bursts of acceleration, while continuous power is what the car can sustain.
• Battery output, weight, and software are as vital as motor power for overall EV performance.
• The low center of gravity in EVs, due to battery placement, significantly improves handling.

Inhaltsübersicht

• The Fundamental Question: Do Electric Cars Have HP?
• Metric 1: Understanding Power in Kilowatts (kW)
• Metric 2: The Sensation of Instant Torque
• Metric 3: Beyond Power and Torque – The Complete Performance Picture
• How Traditional Performance Metrics Evolve for Electric Vehicles
• The Future of EV Performance Measurement
• Häufig gestellte Fragen (FAQ)
• Schlussfolgerung
• Referenzen

The Fundamental Question: Do Electric Cars Have HP?

The transition from internal combustion engines (ICE) to electric motors has introduced a new vocabulary into our automotive conversations. We speak of kilowatts, battery capacity, and regenerative braking. Yet, the ghost of the old language lingers, prompting a very common and foundational question: do electric cars have hp? It is a query that seeks to bridge the familiar world of pistons and gasoline with the emerging reality of batteries and electrons. The answer, in its most direct form, is yes. However, this simple affirmation opens the door to a much richer and more illuminating exploration of what power and performance truly mean in the electric era.

The Short Answer: Yes, But It's a Translation

An electric motor produces power, and that power can be expressed in any valid unit, including horsepower. The term "horsepower" itself is a historical artifact, conceived by the Scottish engineer James Watt to compare the output of his steam engines to the power of draft horses. It became the de facto standard for internal combustion engines, a familiar number on every spec sheet that gave consumers a rough idea of a car's potency.

For electric vehicles, the native and more scientifically precise unit of power is the kilowatt (kW), a standard unit of electrical power. When a manufacturer lists a horsepower figure for an EV, they are not measuring it with horses; they are performing a direct mathematical conversion from kilowatts. This act of translation is useful for marketing and for providing a familiar point of comparison for consumers transitioning from gasoline cars. Yet, relying solely on this translated number is like reading a poem in a language you do not speak; you might understand the general theme, but you miss the rhythm, the nuance, and the soul of the work. The character of how that power is delivered is fundamentally different, which is why a simple number often falls short.

From Kilowatts to Horsepower: The Mathematical Bridge

The relationship between kilowatts and horsepower is fixed and straightforward. It is not a matter of opinion or manufacturer interpretation but a simple unit conversion.

• 1 Kilowatt (kW) = 1.341 Horsepower (hp)
• 1 Horsepower (hp) = 0.746 Kilowatts (kW)

Imagine you are looking at the specifications for a new electric vehicle, such as a high-performance model from BMW or Mercedes-Benz. The manufacturer will almost always list the motor's power in kW. For example, a car with a 300 kW motor can have its power expressed in horsepower by a simple multiplication:

300 kW * 1.341 hp/kW ≈ 402 hp

This calculation is the source of all horsepower figures you see for EVs. It is a reliable conversion, but it tells you nothing about how that power feels from the driver's seat. It equates the peak output of two different technologies without acknowledging that they arrive at that peak through vastly different means and with profoundly different characteristics. The inquiry into whether electric cars have hp leads us to see that the number is just the beginning of the story.

Why Kilowatts (kW) is the Native Language of EVs

To truly appreciate an electric vehicle, one must begin to think in its native language: the kilowatt. The entire system, from the charging station to the battery to the inverter and finally to the motor itself, is electrical. Power flow is measured in kilowatts. Battery capacity is measured in kilowatt-hours (kWh), which signifies how many kilowatts the battery can deliver for one hour. The rate of charging is measured in kilowatts.

Adopting kW as the primary metric for performance evaluation offers a more coherent and holistic understanding of the vehicle. It allows you to see the direct relationship between the power the motor can produce (kW), the energy stored in the battery (kWh), and the speed at which that energy can be replenished (charging in kW). This interconnectedness is lost when we only focus on the translated horsepower figure. As the global electric vehicle fleet grows, a trend confirmed by the International Energy Agency's latest reports (IEA, 2024), fluency in the language of kilowatts will become increasingly valuable for consumers.

Metric 1: Understanding Power in Kilowatts (kW)

The first step beyond the simple horsepower number is to develop a feel for the kilowatt. Just as a seasoned driver has an intuitive sense of what 200 or 400 horsepower feels like in a gasoline car, the modern EV driver benefits from understanding the implications of a car having a 150 kW or 450 kW motor. This is the true measure of the motor's ability to do work, specifically to convert electrical energy into the rotational force that moves the car.

Defining the Kilowatt in an Automotive Context

In physics, power is the rate at which work is done or energy is transferred. A kilowatt is simply 1,000 watts. Think of it in terms of a flow. If a battery is a reservoir of water (energy, measured in kWh), then the power of the motor in kW is like the width of the pipe coming out of that reservoir. A wider pipe (more kW) allows more water to flow at once, resulting in a more powerful surge.

This "surge" is what you feel as acceleration. A car with a higher kilowatt rating can convert stored electrical energy into motion more rapidly. This is why high-performance electric vehicles, from sporty sedans to powerful SUVs, boast impressive kW figures that translate into equally impressive acceleration times. These are the models that challenge and often surpass their gasoline-powered counterparts in straight-line speed.

Continuous vs. Peak Power: A Critical Distinction for EVs

One of the most important and often misunderstood aspects of EV power ratings is the difference between peak power and continuous power.

• Peak Power: This is the maximum power the motor can produce for a short duration, typically for a few seconds. This is the number most often quoted in marketing materials and used to calculate the headline horsepower figure. Peak power is what you use when you floor the accelerator pedal to merge onto a highway or overtake another vehicle. It is enabled by the system's ability to draw a massive amount of energy from the battery for a brief period.

• Continuous Power: This is the maximum power the motor can sustain indefinitely without overheating or causing undue strain on the battery and other components. This figure is often significantly lower than the peak power rating. Continuous power is more relevant for situations like sustained high-speed driving on an autobahn or climbing a long, steep mountain pass.

This distinction is far more pronounced in EVs than in most ICE vehicles. A gasoline engine can typically operate at or near its peak power output for much longer periods. An EV's performance is a careful balancing act managed by sophisticated thermal management systems. The car will allow you to access its thrilling peak power when you demand it, but it will protect itself by limiting output for sustained, heavy loads. For a potential buyer, asking about both peak and continuous power provides a much more realistic expectation of the vehicle's capabilities.

Comparing kW Ratings: A Look at Popular 2025 EV Models

To ground these concepts in reality, let's examine the power ratings of some representative electric vehicles available in 2025. This comparison illustrates the range of power available and how it corresponds to different vehicle classes.

This table clearly shows the direct relationship between kilowatts and the intended purpose of the vehicle. A 70 kW city car provides efficient, adequate performance, while the nearly 400 kW in some of the high-performance electric vehicles deliver acceleration that rivals supercars. The question of whether electric cars have hp becomes less important than understanding where a vehicle's kW rating places it on this performance spectrum.

Metric 2: The Sensation of Instant Torque

If kilowatts tell you how much power a motor can produce, torque tells you how effectively it can be put to use, especially from a standstill. Torque is the second, and arguably more viscerally felt, metric you must understand. The unique torque delivery of an electric motor is perhaps the single biggest differentiator in the driving experience compared to an internal combustion engine.

What is Torque and Why Does it Feel Different in an EV?

Torque is rotational force. Imagine using a wrench to tighten a bolt. The force you apply to the handle of the wrench creates torque at the bolt. In a car, the motor generates torque to turn the wheels. More torque means a stronger "twist" on the axle.

In a gasoline engine, torque is dependent on engine speed (RPM). An engine produces very little torque at idle and must rev up into its "power band"—typically a range between 2,000 and 5,000 RPM—to generate its maximum torque. There is a noticeable delay, a "spooling up," as the engine builds revs to deliver the force you have requested with the accelerator pedal.

An electric motor, by its fundamental design, behaves completely differently. It can generate its maximum torque at zero RPM. The moment you press the accelerator, the full rotational force is available instantly. There is no waiting, no building of revs, no power band to find. The effect is a feeling of immediate, silent, and relentless acceleration. It is this sensation that so often surprises and delights people driving an EV for the first time. It is not just about being fast; it is about the immediacy of the response.

The Torque Curve: An EV's Flat Line vs. an ICE's Mountain

The difference is best visualized by comparing torque curves.

• Internal Combustion Engine (ICE): An ICE torque curve looks like a hill or a mountain. It starts low, climbs to a peak at a specific RPM, and then drops off as the engine revs higher. The driver, or the car's transmission, must work to keep the engine within this peak torque range for maximum performance.

• Electric Vehicle (EV): An EV's torque curve is a flat plateau. It delivers its maximum torque from 0 RPM and holds it constant up to a certain speed, after which it begins to gently taper off as the motor spins faster and horsepower becomes the dominant factor.

This "tabletop" torque curve is the secret to an EV's startling off-the-line performance. While an ICE car is still climbing its torque mountain, the EV is already sprinting across its high plateau. This is why a relatively modest family EV can often out-accelerate a powerful sports car for the first few meters from a traffic light.

How Torque Translates to Real-World Acceleration

Let us consider what this means for everyday driving in cities across Europe, Southeast Asia, or the Middle East.

This table illustrates that the benefit of instant torque is not just about winning drag races. It translates into a driving experience that feels more responsive, more controlled, and ultimately, less stressful in common traffic situations. It enhances the driver's confidence by making the car react precisely and immediately to their inputs.

The Role of Torque in Towing and Hauling with an EV

The benefits of high, instant torque are not limited to acceleration. It is also a significant advantage for towing. The ability to apply maximum rotational force from a standstill makes getting a heavy trailer or boat moving much easier and smoother than with an ICE vehicle, which might have to slip its clutch or strain its torque converter to get the load underway.

Many electric SUVs and trucks are now being designed with towing in mind, leveraging their inherent torque advantages. However, it is also important to recognize that while they have the power, towing heavy loads significantly increases energy consumption and will drastically reduce the vehicle's range, a key consideration for anyone planning to tow over long distances (U.S. Department of Energy, n.d.).

Metric 3: Beyond Power and Torque – The Complete Performance Picture

So, you have a grasp of kilowatts and a feel for instant torque. You might think you now have everything you need to assess an EV's performance. But the truth is, these numbers are just two actors in a much larger play. A holistic view requires us to look at the entire system, the supporting cast that ensures the power and torque generated by the motor are delivered to the road effectively, efficiently, and enjoyably. Asking "do electric cars have hp?" is the first question, but the follow-up questions about the rest of the system are what lead to true understanding.

Drivetrain Efficiency: How Power Reaches the Wheels

One of the unsung heroes of EV performance is the drivetrain's sheer simplicity. An internal combustion engine is a complex mechanical symphony of hundreds of moving parts: pistons, crankshafts, camshafts, valves, and a multi-speed transmission. Each moving part, each gear change, introduces friction and inertia, resulting in a significant loss of power between the engine's crankshaft and the wheels on the road. This is known as drivetrain loss, and it can be as high as 15-25% in a conventional car.

An electric car, in contrast, is elegantly simple. The most common configuration involves an electric motor, a small single-speed reduction gear, and axles that go to the wheels. There are far fewer moving parts. This minimalist design is incredibly efficient, with drivetrain losses often in the single digits (around 5-10%).

What does this mean for performance? It means that the power figure listed for an EV is a more "honest" representation of the power that actually reaches the road. A 300 kW EV and a 300 kW (402 hp) ICE car may have the same peak power rating, but the EV will be more effective at translating that power into motion because less of it is wasted as heat and friction along the way.

Battery Output and Its Impact on Performance

The battery in an electric car is not just a passive fuel tank; it is an active and critical component of the powertrain. The motor can only deliver as much power as the battery can supply at any given moment. This ability to supply power is known as the battery's discharge rate, sometimes referred to by its "C-rate."

Think of our water reservoir analogy again. The motor's kW rating is the size of the pipe, but the battery's discharge rate is the pressure in the reservoir. Even with a huge pipe, if the pressure is low, the flow will be weak. High-performance EVs use sophisticated batteries with high discharge rates and advanced thermal management systems to keep them cool. This allows the battery to safely deliver the massive electrical currents needed for sub-three-second 0-100 km/h sprints.

The battery's state of charge (SoC) also affects performance. Most EVs will deliver their absolute peak performance when the battery is in the upper range of its charge (e.g., above 70-80%). As the charge depletes, particularly when it gets very low (e.g., below 10-20%), the battery management system (BMS) will intelligently limit power output to protect the battery's health and preserve the remaining range.

The Influence of Weight and Aerodynamics

The laws of physics do not change for electric cars. Two age-old factors remain fundamentally important: weight and aerodynamics.

EVs are generally heavier than their ICE counterparts, primarily due to the mass of their large battery packs. This extra weight requires more energy to accelerate and stop. However, EV designers have turned this challenge into an advantage. By placing the heavy, flat battery pack in the floor of the car, they create an exceptionally low center of gravity. This dramatically reduces body roll when cornering and contributes to a feeling of stability and plantedness on the road that is difficult for a top-heavy ICE vehicle to replicate.

Aerodynamics, or the study of how air flows over the car, is also paramount. Because there is no large engine to cool, EVs do not need a massive front grille. This has allowed designers to create smoother, more slippery front ends. Many EVs feature flat underbodies, deployable door handles, and aerodynamic wheel designs. The goal is to reduce the coefficient of drag (Cd). A lower drag coefficient means the car requires less energy to push through the air, which directly benefits both efficiency (range) and top-end performance.

Software's Role in Shaping the Driving Experience

Perhaps the most modern and dynamic factor influencing EV performance is software. The car's software and control units are the brain of the operation, managing the flow of energy from the battery to the motors with millisecond precision.

This software control allows for:

• Drive Modes: An EV can have its entire personality changed at the touch of a button. An "Eco" mode might dull the accelerator response and limit peak power to maximize range. A "Sport" or "Ludicrous" mode will do the opposite, sharpening the response and unleashing the full power of the system for maximum acceleration.
• Torque Vectoring: In dual-motor all-wheel-drive (AWD) EVs, software can instantly and independently control the torque sent to the front and rear wheels. It can even vary torque between the left and right wheels, helping to pivot the car into a corner and improve agility and stability. This is far more precise and faster-acting than any mechanical AWD system in an ICE vehicle.
• Regenerative Braking: Software controls the level of regenerative braking—where the electric motor acts as a generator to slow the car down and recapture energy. This allows for "one-pedal driving" and can be adjusted to feel like gentle engine braking or aggressive deceleration, depending on the driver's preference.

The car's performance is no longer just a fixed property of its mechanical parts; it is a dynamic and configurable experience shaped by code.

How Traditional Performance Metrics Evolve for Electric Vehicles

The unique characteristics of electric propulsion are forcing us to reconsider the meaning and relevance of our traditional performance benchmarks. While the numbers might look the same on paper, what they represent in the real world is changing. The context around the answer to "do electric cars have hp?" is shifting the entire conversation about performance.

Re-evaluating 0-100 km/h (0-60 mph) Times

For decades, the 0-100 km/h (or 0-60 mph) sprint has been the gold standard of acceleration testing. With electric cars, this metric has become both more impressive and slightly less meaningful.

Thanks to their instant torque and efficient drivetrains, even mainstream family EVs can post acceleration times that were once the exclusive domain of high-end sports cars. High-performance models from various manufacturers are now consistently breaking the three-second barrier. This level of acceleration is becoming democratized.

However, the nature of this acceleration is different. It is silent, seamless, and often drama-free. While breathtakingly effective, some enthusiasts miss the auditory and mechanical theater of a high-revving gasoline engine. Furthermore, once you reach a certain point—say, under 3.5 seconds—the practical, real-world difference becomes negligible. The focus is beginning to shift from how fast a car gets to 100 km/h to how it feels while doing it and what it can do beyond that initial sprint.

The New Meaning of "Top Speed" in the Age of EVs

Top speed is another metric that takes on a new meaning. Many EVs, even extremely powerful ones, have their top speeds electronically limited to a figure that may seem modest compared to an equivalent ICE supercar, often around 200-260 km/h (125-160 mph).

There are two primary reasons for this. First, aerodynamic drag increases exponentially with speed. Driving at very high speeds requires a colossal amount of energy, and it would deplete an EV's battery in a very short amount of time. Limiting the top speed is a practical measure to preserve usable range. Second, sustaining the high power output required for top speed generates a great deal of heat in the battery and motor. The electronic limit helps ensure the components operate within safe thermal limits.

For the vast majority of drivers in most parts of the world, where speed limits are well below these figures, an EV's electronically limited top speed is a non-issue. It represents a different engineering priority: balancing usable performance with efficiency and long-term durability, rather than chasing an absolute maximum velocity that is rarely, if ever, legally accessible.

Handling and Agility: The Low Center of Gravity Advantage

Perhaps the most profound change to performance dynamics is in handling. As mentioned earlier, the placement of the heavy battery pack low in the car's chassis fundamentally alters its handling characteristics for the better.

This low center of gravity, combined with the instant response of electric motors and sophisticated torque vectoring software, gives many EVs a feeling of agility that belies their weight. They can change direction with an immediacy and flatness that is deeply impressive. The car feels planted and secure, inspiring confidence in corners. This is a performance attribute that does not show up in a simple horsepower or 0-100 km/h figure but is immediately apparent and rewarding on a winding road. For many drivers, this newfound handling prowess is a more compelling and usable performance benefit than raw, straight-line acceleration.

The Future of EV Performance Measurement

As the automotive world continues its inexorable shift toward electrification, as detailed in reports like the Global EV Outlook 2024 (IEA, 2024), our language and metrics will have to evolve as well. The old benchmarks, born of a mechanical age, are beginning to feel inadequate for the electric future.

Will We Move Beyond Horsepower Entirely?

It is a compelling question. In the long term, it seems likely that as a generation of drivers grows up with EVs, the kilowatt will become the accepted and understood unit of power. The need to translate it into the archaic "horsepower" will fade. Consumers will develop an intuitive sense of what 100, 200, or 400 kW feels like, just as current drivers understand horsepower.

However, tradition has immense inertia. The term "horsepower" is deeply embedded in our culture and language. It will likely coexist with kilowatts for many years to come, serving as a familiar bridge for those accustomed to the old ways. The transition will be gradual, but the technical superiority and coherence of the kilowatt as a metric for an electrical system are undeniable. For now, understanding both and the relationship between them is the hallmark of a knowledgeable consumer. Exploring the specifications of the latest EV models shows that manufacturers are already listing both figures, catering to this transitional period.

The Rise of Standardized EV Performance Ratings

As the market matures, we may see the development of new, standardized performance ratings specifically for EVs that go beyond a single power figure. Imagine a rating system that provides a more holistic score, incorporating:

• Peak and continuous power (kW).
• A torque responsiveness score (how quickly it delivers torque).
• A handling score based on center of gravity and suspension geometry.
• An efficiency rating that shows energy consumption under various driving conditions (city, highway, performance).

Such a system would give consumers a much clearer and more comprehensive picture of a vehicle's true capabilities, allowing for more meaningful comparisons between different models. It would move the conversation past the simple question "do electric cars have hp?" and toward a more sophisticated evaluation of the total performance package.

What This Means for Consumers in Europe, Southeast Asia, and the Middle East

For car buyers in these diverse and rapidly growing markets, this shift presents a learning opportunity. In Europe, with its established automotive culture and high-speed road networks, the distinction between peak and continuous power is particularly relevant. In the megacities of Southeast Asia, the instant torque and responsiveness of EVs offer a tangible benefit in dense, stop-and-go traffic. In the Middle East, where performance is often highly valued, understanding how thermal management affects sustained performance in hot climates is key.

Regardless of the region, the core lesson is the same: to make an informed decision about an electric vehicle, one must look beyond the familiar horsepower number. It is time to embrace the new language of performance, to think in kilowatts, to appreciate the magic of instant torque, and to consider the vehicle as a complete, integrated system of hardware and software. This is the path to truly understanding and enjoying the future of driving.

Häufig gestellte Fragen (FAQ)

Is a car with more kilowatts (kW) always faster?

Not necessarily. While a higher kW rating generally indicates a higher potential for performance, other factors are just as important. A lighter car with fewer kW might be quicker than a much heavier car with more kW. Aerodynamics, drivetrain efficiency, and software all play a significant role. Most importantly, a high peak kW rating does not guarantee sustained performance if the car's cooling systems cannot manage the heat.

Why do some EVs list two different horsepower or kW figures?

This often refers to the difference between the car's standard output and a temporary "boost" or "overboost" function. For example, a car might have a nominal peak power of 450 kW, but for short periods (e.g., 10 seconds during a launch), it can deliver 500 kW. The lower number represents the normal peak power, while the higher number is for specific, time-limited acceleration events.

How does outside temperature affect an EV's horsepower?

Temperature has a significant impact. Batteries are like people; they have a preferred temperature range for optimal performance. In very cold weather, the battery's chemical reactions slow down, which can limit its ability to discharge power, thus reducing available "horsepower." In very hot weather, the system will work harder to cool the battery, and the management software may limit power to prevent overheating.

Is one horsepower from an electric motor the same as one horsepower from a gasoline engine?

In terms of the physics definition of power (the rate of doing work), yes, they are the same. A horsepower is a horsepower. However, the way that power is delivered and the feeling it produces are completely different. Electric horsepower is available instantly and silently, while gasoline horsepower must be built up with engine revs, noise, and vibration. So, while the unit is the same, the experience is not.

What is the difference between kW and kWh?

This is a very common point of confusion. Think of it like water. Kilowatts (kW) measure the rate of flow—how much power the motor is using or the charger is supplying at any given moment. Kilowatt-hours (kWh) measure the amount of water in the tank—the total amount of energy the battery can store. A 100 kWh battery can deliver 100 kW of power for one hour, or 200 kW for 30 minutes, and so on.

Do electric cars have hp in the same way traditional cars do?

Yes and no. They have a power output that can be measured in or converted to horsepower. In that sense, the answer to "do electric cars have hp?" is yes. However, the term was created for combustion engines and doesn't capture the instant torque and different power delivery characteristics of an electric motor, which is why kilowatts (kW) and torque figures (in Newton-meters) provide a more accurate and complete performance picture for an EV.

Can software updates increase an EV's horsepower?

Yes, this is one of the most remarkable aspects of modern EVs. Because performance is so heavily managed by software, manufacturers can and do release over-the-air (OTA) updates that can refine the power delivery, improve thermal management, and in some cases, unlock more power from the existing hardware, effectively increasing the car's horsepower and acceleration.

Schlussfolgerung

The inquiry, "do electric cars have hp?", serves as a gateway to a deeper appreciation of automotive technology's evolution. While the answer is a straightforward affirmative through a simple mathematical conversion, to stop there is to miss the essence of the electric revolution. The horsepower figure on an electric car is a bridge to the past, a familiar signpost in a new and exciting landscape. Yet, the true character of this landscape is defined by different landmarks: the silent, immediate surge of instant torque, the coherent elegance of the kilowatt that ties the entire system together, and the invisible intelligence of software that shapes the driving experience.

Understanding electric vehicle performance in 2025 is not about clinging to a single, century-old metric. It is about embracing a more holistic perspective. It requires appreciating the distinction between peak and continuous power, recognizing the profound handling benefits of a low center of gravity, and acknowledging the battery not as a mere fuel tank but as a dynamic heart of the powertrain. By looking beyond horsepower and learning the native language of electric propulsion, drivers and enthusiasts can make more informed choices and gain a richer, more profound understanding of the remarkable capabilities of these modern machines. The performance is not just in the number, but in the nature of the entire system.

Referenzen

IEA. (2024). Global EV Outlook 2024. International Energy Agency. https://www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2024

U.S. Department of Energy. (n.d.). All-Electric Vehicles. Alternative Fuels Data Center. Retrieved from